3D time + 1D space, pace, and lenticity

Although there are three dimensions of length and three dimensions of duration, I have pointed out before that we measure movement as either 3D length + 1D time (3+1) or 1D stance + 3D duration (1+3) or 1D stance + 1D time (1+1). The (1+3) perspective is the focus of this post.

The measurement of movement in which duration has multiple dimensions but length does not requires that instead of speed and velocity, one must use pace and lenticity. That is, movement is measured by the change in time (duration) per unit of movement in length. Pace is the directionless version of this.

For example, instead of speed in metres per second, one would use pace in seconds per metre or the like. This is not exactly the inverse of speed because the dependent units are different. Speed normally means the stance speed, that is, the length traveled in a fixed period of time. The time speed is a fixed travel length per the corresponding travel time (which is strange because the independent variable is in the numerator). The pace is the time speed inverted, which puts the independent variable back in the denominator.

Lenticity is the directional version of pace. An inertial system is a frame of reference that is at rest (zero velocity) or moves with a constant linear velocity. This can be expanded to include a frame of reference that is at zero or constant linear lenticity.

Zero lenticity means there is no change in time (duration) per unit of length moved. We easily understand no change in length per unit of time but this is strange. We have to remember that here the independent unit of motion is length, not duration. In this context the length measures the flow of movement (misleadingly called the flow of time).

So zero lenticity means there is no change in time (duration) while a unit of length passes, as by a “length clock” like the odometer of an automobile moving at a constant rate. I have written about this here.

In classical (3+1) physics, time has an absolute meaning, independent of an observer. For a classical version of (1+3) physics length has an absolute meaning, independent of the observer. That is, either duration or length continue indefinitely, and always serve as an independent variable, never as a dependent variable.

So there is always available information about an independent, inertial movement that provides a standard reference to measure any other movement. For absolute time this is called a clock or watch. For absolute stance it could be called a length clock (discussed here, here, and here). Then movement could always be measured by reference to this independent, standard movement.