Bibliography of 3D time and space-time symmetry

There are a number of references for maps with multiple dimensions of time or a symmetry of space and time. Nothing refers to both.

Maps with multiple dimensions of time

I have argued that isochron(e) maps show time in two dimensions. Such maps have been made for over a century. The Wikipedia article on isochrone maps shows a few older ones: Francis Galton’s isochrone map of travel times in 1881 from London to places around the world and an isochrone map of Melbourne rail transport travel times, 1910-1922. Railroad travel rates from 1800 to 1930 are mapped in the 1932 Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States. Isochrone maps are used in geology, medicine, and many other disciplines.

A different kind of map shows travel times and distances between selected places such as cities. For example, there’s a map of Interstate Drive Times & Distances for the U.S. Interstate Highway System. Nowadays there are many websites that provide such information interactively, for example travelmath. Since these maps show direction or the websites provide directions, these demonstrate the multidimensionality of travel on the surface of the earth.

It hardly needs mentioning that an astronomy map shows distance in light-years, which are both a travel distance and a travel time for electromagnetic radiation. If light travel distance is 3-dimensional, so is light travel time.

3-dimensional time

Several authors have explored the possible implications of 3D time. I say “possible” because they basically manipulate equations rather than explain phenomena with 3D time. The Italian journal Nuovo Cimento has published many such studies. Authors include E.A.B. Cole, P.T. Pappas, M.T. Teli, and G. Ziino.

See also Information Theory Applied to Space-Time by Henning F Harmuth (World Scientific, 1993). Chapter 4.4 Three Time Dimensions and One Space Dimension, p.100-103.

Symmetry of space and time

J.H. Field has looked at some implications of the symmetry of space and time, especially in “Space–time exchange invariance: Special relativity as a symmetry principle,” American Journal of Physics, 69 (5), 569–575 (2001). He tries to address the “ambiguity” of the time and space dimensions not matching.