I previously wrote about pluralism here.
Science is usually considered monist in various ways: there is one scientific truth, one scientific reality, one scientific method. This leads to having one scientific theory for each subject, if at all possible.
The single scientific method is the easiest to critique: each branch of science has its own methods, and the attempts to articulate a single method for all sciences have failed. One commentator finds the opposite extreme more accurate (the “anything goes” of Feyerabend).
Science is also divided about reality between idealists and materialists, just as philosophers are. At one moment the materialists have the upper hand and there’s only matter, no mind, no spirit, nothing else. At another moment matter disappears in a blaze of equations and theoretical particles, which are considered the true reality.
Science is even divided about truth. Does the environment or genetics have the dominant influence? Is it nature or nurture that predominates? Is light a wave or a particle? Is quantum mechanics or relativity correct? The answer is that it’s both.
Moreover, science needs both sides of the truth. Biology requires both law and chance. How is the mix of law and chance determined? Is that by law or chance? Evolutionists often imply that chance determines the mix of law and chance but that ignores the extent of law. It’s law and chance all the way down. That is pluralism.
Pluralism is the acknowledgement that truth is many. It does not mean truth is individual or multitudinous. That would be equivalent to relativism. Pluralism acknowledges a small number of truth types, that is, truthful variations that are all on the same level. And these variations are not resolved on another level; they are a quality of truth itself.
Pluralism does acknowledge the unity of ultimate truth. The variations of truth are not so different as to be in complete opposition. Further, there is a complementarity about the variations of truth; they fit together. There are limits to pluralism but truth doesn’t always have a single answer.