This post continues a series on history and science, see here and here. The development of the comparative method in linguistics led to the genealogy of languages in the 19th century. This diachronic approach was largely abandoned in the 20th century with the rise of synchronic theories. In short, linguistics pivoted from history to science. […]
This post follows on a previous post here. How did we get from natures to nature? In a word, nominalism. The many natures of pre-modern science have been transformed into one nature or Nature, reified if not personified as a thing or force or being. Nominalism is the teaching that universals or qualities or natures
There is a symmetry between length space and duration space (time). As one can transform an observation by rectilinear motion (translation), or by rotation, or by a time line change, so one can transform 3D length into an equivalent 3D duration. This is not a continuous change so don’t expect a simple equation. There are
The state of nature was invented by Thomas Hobbes to support his idea of a social contract that was (or would have been) entered into by free individuals. In the natural state people would have been totally free but also lacking in security and other goods of society. So they voluntarily entered into a social
Events may be ordered in various ways (see here). Events ordered by time form a time line, or timeline, which is: 1. a linear representation of important events in the order in which they occurred. 2. a schedule; timetable. This may be generalized to the following definition: A time line is an ordering of events
We observe the sun and the moon traversing the sky. We know that the moon is objectively orbiting the earth but the sun is not. Where then is the sun that is observed traversing the sky in daily and annual cycles? It is not in 3D length. It is in 3D duration. Binary stars orbit
Relentation is the change in lenticity per unit of length. Average relentation is (u2 – u1)/Δs. If the second lenticity is faster than the first, the time interval is shorter and the lenticity is lower in value, which makes the relentation negative. Since decreased speed is the default for relentation , the default direction for
There are many ways to order events. One way is by time. Events happening at the same time are put in an equivalence class, which is then ordered from the earliest time to the latest time. History is usually ordered this way. With the advent of mechanical clocks and watches, modern people typically experience events
I’ve posted a video series on 3D time (duration) online on Youtube. See the playlist 3D Time here: It’s also on Vimeo here. 3D Time: From Transportation to Physics Presentations: Introduction Part 1: Show Me Part 2: Objections Part 3: Kinematics I Part 4: Kinematics II Part 5: Dynamics Part 6: Orbits Part 7: Relativity
Multiple dimensions of time are held to be impossible or the stuff of science fiction. Despite this there is an extensive literature on multiple dimensions of time. However, with few exceptions multiple dimensions of time are held to be merely a formalism or undetectable. If multiple dimensions of time are considered to exist, it is
