This derivation of the Galilean transformations is similar to that of the Lorentz transformations here. Since space and time are assumed to be homogeneous, the transformations must be linear. The most general linear relationship is obtained with four constant coefficients: A, B, C, and D: x′ = Ax − Bt t′ = Ct − Dx […]
This post follows several on logic such as here. Contrary opposites are mutually distinguished terms. One cannot exist without the other. If one is taken away, the other is also. Examples of contraries are up and down, in and out, before and after. More than two possibilities might also be distinguished, such as negative, positive,
Independent variables are measured first, independent of other variables. They may be either set to a fixed value or allowed to change at a fixed rate. An example of the former is a race in which the distance is the independent variable set for the race, and of the latter is a time variable, which
The extent of a motion is measured in two ways: by its time (duration) and by its space (length). The relation between these two measures is the subject here. Although a definition of uniform motion was given by Archimedes, Galileo was the first to give a complete definition: Equal or uniform motion I understand to
The following presents the spatio-temporal and temporo-spatial versions of Newton’s laws based on the book Classical Dynamics of Particles and Systems by Thornton and Marion (Fifth Edition, 2008). Start with page 49, section 2.2: 2.2 Newton’s Laws [in the Time Domain] We begin by simply stating in conventional form Newton’s laws of mechanics: I. A
Ballistic table based on launching from a height and angle with coasting ascent and descent (no drag, no thrust). Note the handy trigonometry identity for range: 2 sin θ cos θ = sin 2θ. This table is in pdf form here. Spatio-temporal Temporo-spatial Initial space angle = θ Initial time angle = φ Initial height
The following builds on the book Mathematical Aspects of Classical and Celestial Mechanics, 3rd edition, by Vladimir I. Arnold, Valery V. Kozlov, and Anatoly I. Neishtadt (Springer 2006). Basic Principles of Classical Mechanics (cf. Chapter 1) Space and Time The space where the motion takes place is three-dimensional and Euclidean with a fixed orientation. We
Speed is the length of travel per unit of duration (or time interval). Spatial rest is a speed of zero. That is, there is no change in location per unit of time. A body does not change location (relative to an inertial observer) while time continues. But temporal rest seems different. It cannot be zero
The following is based on A Course in Modern Mathematical Physics: Groups, Hilbert Space and Differential Geometry by Peter Szekeres (Cambridge UP, 2004) starting with Example 2.29 on page 54 and modifying it for a temporo-spatial context. The Galilean group. To find the set of transformations of space and time that preserve the laws of
The following is a temporo-spatial modification of the book Mechanics, Third Edition, Volume I of Course of Theoretical Physics by L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, (Butterworth-Heinenann, Oxford, 1976). [Page 1] §1. CHAPTER I – THE EQUATIONS OF MOTION §1. Generalised co-ordinates ONE of the fundamental concepts of mechanics is that of a particle¹.
